What is respiratory system?

Ans 1:

The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.

Ans 2:

The respiratory system (called also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism.

Why is literature important in everyday life?

Ans1

Literature is important in everyday life because it connects individuals with larger truths and ideas in a society. Literature creates a way for people to record their thoughts and experiences in a way that is accessible to others, through fictionalized accounts of the experience. As an art form, literature has existed for thousands of years, with the oldest texts dating back to the 26th century B.C.E.

Ans2

Literary tradition is both oral and written. Civilizations that existed without a written language still managed to pass down their stories through oral telling. Many Native American cultures practice an oral literary tradition. The primary use of literature in ancient settings was to pass down customs, beliefs and traditions to the younger generations. In more recent centuries, literature has taken on a more comprehensive role of mirroring society in order for humans to study themselves and understand the underlying truths common to all people. For students, studying literature is a critical component in education, as it teaches students to see themselves reflected in art. This allows people to learn about life and truth. Literature also helps people to see life from the perspective of another. Identity-based literature teaches the reader what life is like for others, helping them to be more understanding and respectful of those around them.

Why is biology important in everyday life?

Ans1:

Biology is important to everyday life because it allows humans to better understand their bodies, their resources and potential threats in the environment. Biology is the study of all living things, so it helps people to understand every organism alive, from the smallest bacteria to California redwoods and blue whales. Professional biologists often concentrate on a small subset of living organisms, such as birds, plants or bacteria.

Ans2:

The study of biology has helped humans to understand the similarities between all forms of life. For example, the genetic code that helps to construct all living organisms is very similar in all life forms. The genetic material is stored in the form of DNA for all plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. By studying the DNA of all these different life forms, biologists have determined that all living creatures are related to each other.

Biology has also helped doctors learn how to keep people healthy and fight off disease. Biologists have learned that things called pathogens, which are themselves other living entities, cause diseases. By understanding how these dangerous organisms work, scientists can fight them off. Because of biology, many people have lived long lives as they have been able to avoid diseases.

Ans3:

Importanceof Biology in our Daily Lives with Respect to Agriculture and Industry

1.      Agriculture plays great role narrating the importance of biology in our daily lives. Agriculture is largely the result of man’s taking the advantage of the inter relations of soil, climate and natural habitat to select those particular combinations that meet his basic requirements. Thus to provide necessary food, man depends entirely on green plants that can alone capture the solar energy.

2.      High yielding varieties of crop plants like rice, wheat, jute, sugar cane, pulses etc are now bred experimentally. Disease resistant grains and verbalized seeds are made.

3.      Biological control strategies are undertaken as pest control emphasizing the importance of biology in our daily lives.

4.      Modern man does not depend on fishing and hunting like our ancestors and instead rears fishes as well as cattle and various other domestic animals to get food and other necessities of life. This has resulted in the development of fishery and animal husbandry.

5.      The importance of biology in our daily lives lies in the production of clothings and timber for making furnitures, in supplied raw materials for paper, dyes, etc.

6.      Fossils are important in locating underground oil and natural gas reserves. Even coal and mineral oil formed from decomposed plant bodies are key to industrial prosperity.

Importance of Biology in our Daily Lives with Respect to Health and General well Being

1.      Medical advancement also shows the importance of biology in our daily lives. The study of dreaded diseases, their causative agents, cure as well as the actions of drugs are a way of biological enlightenment that strives minimizing human suffering.

2.      Importance of biology in our daily lives also lies in finding and curing hereditary abnormalities like haemophilia, Down’s syndrome,etc.

3.      Biology aims in making effort to better human race through eugenics.

4.      Biology study has a vital role in controlling environmental pollution and attracted sense of art and beauty.

Give a brief account of Newton’s law of motion.

Newton’s law of motion is given below-

In 1687 in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) the greatest English physicist Sir Isaac Newton first introduce the three laws of motion.

The laws are-

1. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

2. The vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration vector a of the object. Mathematically we can express the law as F=ma.

3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In other word we can say that when one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

Give a brief account of parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes

Parasitic adaptation in Platyhelminthes

Adaptation

•      Fitness of an organism to its environment

•      It is the characteristic which results in suitable & convenient morphological & functional correlation between an organism & its environment

Parasitic adaptation

•      Platyhelminthes have undergone profound adaptation to suit their parasitic modes of life

•      These adaptations- parasitic adaptations

•      Are of morphological & physiological nature

1. Morphological adaptations

A. Body covering

B. Organs of adhesion

C. Organs of locomotion

D. Organs of nutrition (Trophic organs)

E. Neurosensory system

F. Reproductive system

A. Body covering

Thick tegument frequently provided with scales affords suitable protection to the parasite

This thick protoplasmic layer is continually renewed by mesenchymal cells forming it

B. Organs of adhesion

•      For a firm grip on/in the host’s body, some special organs of adhesion are needed

•      Flatworms are variously armed with suckers, hooks & spines

•      Suckers may be with/without hooks/spines

C. Organs of locomotion

•      Locomotion is actually an effort of procuring food

•      But parasites habitually inhabit such places in host’s body, where sufficient food is available without effort

•      Thus, organs of locomotion such as cilia of turbellarians- absent in parasitic forms

•      Locomotory organs present in free living larvae of parasitic forms

•      Miracidium possess cilia & cercaria bears a tail for locomotion

      

D. Organs of nutrition (Trophic organs)

•      Food of parasite comprises readily available & digested/ semi digested food of the host

•      Elaborate organs of nutrition not needed

•      Trematodes have an incomplete gut & in most cases a suctorial pharynx for sucking food

•      An eversible pharynx is present in free living turbellarians

•      In cestodes, parasite freely bathes in digested food of host which is absorbed directly

      Thus, total absence of alimentation in tapeworms

E. Neurosensory system

•      Need for quick & efficient “response to stimuli” is associated with free active life & not with a quiet parasitic life in a safe environment

•      In parasites therefore, there is preferred reduction of nervous system & a total absence of sense organs

•      But the free living miracidium possesses eye spots

F. Reproductive system

•      Best developed system in helminth parasites, designed & preferred to meet the need for tremendous egg production

•      Parasitic flatworms with a few exceptions like Schistosoma, are monoecious (hermaphrodite)

•      Hermaphroditism is of distinct advantage to the parasite because:

1. It ensures copulation even when a few individuals are present

2. After copulation both individuals lay eggs, doubling the rate of production

3. In absence of companion parasite can reproduce offspring

•      In cestodes reproductive system is much more elaborate & each mature proglottid possesses 1 or2 complete sets of male & female genitalia

•      In gravid proglottid all other organs of the system degenerate to make room for the uterus which becomes highly enlarged & branched to accommodate large number of eggs

2. Physiological adaptations

A. Protective mechanism

B. Anaerobic respiration

C. Osmoregulation

D. High fertility

                                      

A.  Protective mechanism

•      Inside the alimentary canal the parasites have to protect  themselves from the action of digestive juices of host

•      Tapeworms accomplish this:

1. By stimulating walls of gut to secrete mucus, which then forms a protective clothing around parasite

2. By secreting antienzymes to neutralize the digestive enzymes of host

3. By probably continually renewing their protective body covering i.e., tegument

B. Anaerobic respiration

•      Environment in gut & bile ducts is devoid of free oxygen

•      Flatworms inhabiting these places, therefore, respire anaerobically by breaking down glycogen

C. Osmoregulation

•      Osmotic pressure of endoparasite’s body fluids, especially in case of trematodes is almost the same as that of host

•      This renders osmoregulation unnecessary

•      But in intestinal tapeworms, osmotic pressure is little higher

•      This permits ready absorption of host’s digested food by tapeworms

D. High fertility

•      Eggs produced by a parasitic flatworm face a very uncertain future while passing through the complex life cycle, these potential offsprings face several hazards as a result of which a very small percentage of total eggs produced reaches adulthood

•      This threat to the very existence of species is suitably met by parasite which in its life time may produce eggs in millions

•      Reproductive organs of flatworms are accordingly developed

Show that for an ideal gas, Cp - Cv= R

From the definitions , it is clear that two heat capacities are not equal and C_P is greater than C_V by a factor which is related to the work done. At a constant pressure part of heat absorbed by the system is used up in increasing the internal energy of the system and the other for doing work by the system. While at constant volume the whole of heat absorbed is utilized in increasing the temperature of the system as there is no work done by the system. Thus increase in temperature of the system would be lesser at constant pressure than at constant volume. Thus C_P is greater than C_v.

We know             C_p = dH/dT                               …(1)

And                      C_v = dE/dT                               ….(2)

By definition,  H = E + PV for 1 mole of an ideal gas

Or                           H = E + RT                        (PV= RT)

Differentiating w.r.t. temperature, T, we get

                                dH/dT = dE/dT + R

or                            C_p = C_v+ R                            By using (1) and (2)

or                            C_p – C_v = R

                                                                (Shown)

What is the difference between Reversible and Irreversible process?

Ans: The difference between Reversible and Irreversible process is given bilow.

Reversible Process	Irreversible Process
1. It takes place in infinite number of infinitesimally small steps and it would take finite time to occur.	1. It takes place infinite time.
2. It is imaginary as it assumes the presence of frictionless and weight less piston.	2. It is real and can be performed actually.
3. It is in equilibrium state at all stage of the operation.	It is in equilibrium state only at the initial and final stage of the operation.
4. All changes are reversed when the process is carried out in reversible direction.	4. After this type of process has occurred all changes do not return to the initial stage by themselves.
5. It is extremely slow.	5. It proceeds at measureable speed.
6. Work done by a reversible process is greater than the corresponding irreversible process.	6. Work done by a irreversible process is smaller than the corresponding reversible process.